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Example
Tagalog reduplication in interlinear gloss (~)
Tagalog bi~bili glossed IPFV~buy: reduplication marked with a tilde per the Leipzig Glossing Rules.
Example layout based on an example in the Wikipedia article Interlinear gloss (illustrative; Leipzig-style conventions).
What this example shows
Tagalog can change a verb by copying part of it. To mark imperfective aspect, the first syllable of bili (“buy”) is repeated, giving bi~bili. The gloss mirrors the copy as IPFV~buy. This is a clean example of reduplication, a process common across Austronesian languages.
A copied syllable
The verb and its repeated piece:
- bi~bili IPFV~buy
- The syllable bi is copied from the front of bili. The tilde ties the copy to the stem, and the gloss repeats the tilde to show the same shape: IPFV~buy.
The tilde for reduplication
A hyphen would suggest a normal prefix, but a copied syllable is not a separate morpheme with its own meaning, so Leipzig conventions use a tilde instead. Writing bi~bili and IPFV~buy keeps the gloss aligned with the source and signals that the extra material is a copy, not an added word.
More on the tilde and the other marks:
Recreate it in the editor
Open the example and type the tilde directly between the copied syllable and the stem. Keep the tilde out of the split characters under Settings → Tokens so the verb stays one box, then export the diagram as PNG, SVG, or PDF for a morphology lesson.
See also
Related Tagalog examples:
- Tagalog verbal aspect paradigm shows reduplication alongside other verb forms.
- Tagalog compounds uses the hyphen for compounds rather than copies.
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